Desarrollo y Validación de la Escala de Inseguridad Laboral
Keywords:
job insecurity, test development, validity, reliabilityAbstract
The aim of this study was to develop and validate a scale to measure the perception of job insecurity and it was developed
adopting a global vision using a cognitive approach (e.g., the perceived possibility of losing one’s job; Mohr, 2000). The subjects
were 381 employees working at least 20 hours per week and were 21 years of age or older. A 40.9% (156) were men and 58.3% (222) were women. Only 11.8% (45) occupied a management position, 72.4% (276) had tenure, and 67.7% (254) worked for a private company. For the selection of the items, it was conducted item and exploratory factor analysis, the latter served to examine the scale’s internal structure preliminarily. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed using the structural equation model to examine the unidimensionality model of the Job Insecurity Scale. Reliability was examined using Cronbach’s alpha which was .88, which it is considered very good (DeVellis, 2012). It appears that the Job Insecurity Scale is a measurement instrument reliable and valid to measure the perception of job insecurity.
References
Anastasi, A. (1988). Psychological testing. New York: MacMillan Publishing Company.
Ashford, S.J., Lee, C., & Bobko, P. (1989). Content, causes, and consequences of job insecurity: A theory-based measure and substantive test. Academy of Management Journal, 4, 803-829. doi:10.2307/256569
Barling, J., & Kelloway, K.E. (1996). Job insecurity and health: The moderating role of workplace control. Stress Medicine, 12, 253–259. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1700(199610)12:4<253::AID-SMI710>3.0.CO;2-2
Bentler, P. M., & Chou, C. P. (1987). Practical issues in structural modelling. Sociological Methods & Research, 16, 78–117. doi:10.1177/0049124187016001004
Borg, I. & Elizur, D. (1992). Job insecurity: Correlates, moderators and measurement. International Journal of Manpower, 13, 13–26. doi: 10.1108/01437729210010210
Bosman, J., Rothmann, S., & Buitendach, J.H. (2005). Job insecurity, burnout, and work engagement: The impact of positive and negative affectivity. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 31(4), 48-56. doi: 10.4102/sajip.v31i4.199
Burgard, S.A., Brand, J.E., & House, J.S. (2009). Perceived job insecurity and worker health in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 69, 777-785. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.06.029
Burke, R. J., & Nelson, D. (1998). Mergers and acquisitions, downsizing, and privatization: A North American perspective. En M. K. Gowing, J. D. Kraft, & J. C. Quick (Eds.), The new organizational reality: Downsizing, restructuring, and revitalization (pgs. 21–54). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Cheng, Y., Chen, C.W., Chen, C.J., & Chiang, T.L. (2005). Job insecurity and its association with health among employees in the Taiwanese general population, Social Science & Medicine, 61, 41-52.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Crocker, L., & Algina, J. (1986). Introduction to classical and modern test theory. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
Davy, J.A., Kinicki, A.J., & Scheck, C.L. (1997). A test of job security’s direct and mediated effects on withdrawal cognitions. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 323–349. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199707)18:4<323::AID-JOB801>3.0.CO;2-#
De Cuyper, N., Bernhard-Oettel, C., Berntson, E., DeWitte, H., & Alarco, B. (2008). Employability and employees’ well-being: Mediation by job insecurity. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 57 (3), 488–509. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2008.00332.x
DeVellis, R.F. (2012). Scale development: Theory and applications. California: Sage. Third Edition.
DeWitte, H. (1999). Job insecurity and psychological wellbeing: Review of the literature and exploration of some unresolved issues. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(2), 155–177. doi: 10.1080/135943299398302
Greenhalgh, L., & Rosenblatt, Z. (1984). Job insecurity: Toward conceptual clarity. Academy of Management Review, 3, 438–448. doi:10.5465/AMR.1984.4279673
Hartley, J., Jacobson, D., Klandermans, B., & van Vuuren, T. (1991). Job insecurity: Coping with jobs at risk. London: Sage.
Hellgren, J., Sverke, M., & Isaksson, K. (1999). A twodimensional approach to job insecurity: Consequences for employee attitudes and well-being. European Journal of Work and Organization Psychology, 8(2), 179-195. doi: 10.1080/135943299398311
Johnson, M., Messe, L., & Crano, W. D. (1984). Predicting job performance of low income workers: The Work Opinion Questionnaire. Personnel Psychology, 37, 291–299. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1984.tb01451.x
Kinnunen, U., Mauno, S., Nätti, J., & Happonen, M. (1999). Perceived job insecurity:A longitudinal study among Finish employees. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, 243–260.
Kline, P. (2000). A psychometric primer. London: Free Association Books.
Kline, R.B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guilford Press.
Kozlowski, S., Chao, G., Smith, E., & Hedlund, J. (1993) Organisational downsizing: strategies,interventions, and research implications. En C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organisational Psychology (pp. 263-332). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Lee, C., Bobko, P., Ashford, S., Chen, Z. X., & Ren, X. (2008). Crosscultural development of an abridged job insecurity measure. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29, 373–390.
McDonough, P. (2000). Job insecurity and health. International Journal of Health Services, 30, 453-476. doi: 10.2190/BPFG-X3ME-LHTA-6RPV
Mohr, G.B. (2000). The changing significance of different stressors after the announcementof bankruptcy: A longitudinal investigation with special emphasis on job insecurity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 337–359. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(200005)21:3<337::AID-JOB18>3.0.CO;2-G
O’Neill, P. & Sevastos, P. (2013). The development and validation of a new multidimensional job insecurity measure (JIM): An inductive methodology. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 18 (3), 338–349. doi: 10.1037/a0033114
Probst, T. M. (2003). Development and validation of the Job Security Index and the Job Security Satisfaction scale: A classical test theory and IRT approach. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76, 451–467. doi:10.1348/096317903322591587
Rocha, C., Hause Crowell, J., & McCarter, A.K. (2006). The effects of prolonged job insecurity on the psychological well-being of workers. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 33 (3), 9-28.
Rosario-Hernández, E., & Rovira Millán, L.V. (2011). Desarrollo y validación de la Escala de Incivilidad Laboral. Revista Caribeña de Psicología, 2 (1), 1-14.
Rosario-Hernández, E., & Rovira Millán, L.V. (2007). Desarrollo y validación de la Escala de Justicia Organizacional. Revista Ciencias de la Conducta, 22(1), 61-78.
Rosario-Hernández, E., & Rovira Millán, L.V. (2013, marzo). Revisión de las Propiedades Psicométricas y Estructura Interna de la Escala de Justicia Organizacional usando el Modelo de Ecuaciones Estructurales. Ponencia presentada en el 2do Congreso de Psicología Industrial
Organizacional de Puerto Rico, Ponce, Puerto Rico.
Rosenblatt, Z., Talmud, I., & Ruvio, A. (1999). A genderbased framework of the experience of job insecurity and its effects on work attitudes. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, 197–217. doi: 10.1080/135943299398320
Roskies, E., Louis-Guerin, C., & Fournier, C. (1993). Coping with job insecurity: How doespersonality make a difference? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, 617-630. doi: 10.1002/job.4030140702
Rugulies, R., Aust, B., Burr, H., & Bultmann, U. (2008). Job insecurity, chances on the labour market and decline in self-rated health in a representative sample of the Danish workforce. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 62, 245–250. doi:10.1136/jech.2006.059113
Society for Human Resource Management. (2011). 2011 employee job satisfaction and engagement: Gratification and commitment at work in a sluggish economy. Alexandria, VA: Autor. Recuperado de https://www.shrm.org/Research/SurveyFindings/Articles/Documents/11-618%20Job_Satisfaction_FNL.pdf
Spector, P. E. (1992). Summated Rating Scale Construction: An introduction. California: Sage.
Spector, P. E., & Fox, S. (2003). Reducing subjectivity in the assessment of the job environment: Development of the factual autonomy scale, FAS. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 417-432. doi: 10.1002/job.199
Spector, P. E., & Jex, S. M. (1998). Development of Four Self-Report Measures of Job Stressors and Strain: Interpersonal Conflict at Work Scale, Organizational Constraints Scale, Quantitative Workload Inventory, and Physical Symptoms Inventory. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3, 356-367. doi: 10.1037/1076-8998.3.4.356
Sverke, M., & Hellgren, J. (2001). Exit, voice, and loyalty reactions to job insecurity in Sweden: Do unionized and non-unionized employees differ? British Journal of Industrial Relations, 39, 167–182. doi: 10.1111/1467-8543.00195
Sverke, M., Hellgren, J., & Näswall, K. (2002). No security: A meta-analysis and review of job insecurity and its consequences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 7(3), 242- 64. doi: 10.1037/1076-8998.7.3.242
Vander Elst, T., Bosman, J., De Cuyper, N., Stouten, J., & de Witte, H. (2013). Does positive affect buffer the associations between job insecurity and work engagement and psychological distress? A test among South African workers. Applied Psychology: An
International Review, 62 (4), 558-570.doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2012.00499.x
